12972nam a2200673 i 4500 almafu_9960161216002883 DE-602 20240506012508.0 m o d | cr#cnu|||||||| 170727t20172017enka ob 001 0 eng d 0-08-101116-4 (CKB)3710000001417615 (MiAaPQ)EBC4895048 (BIP)54452014 (BIP)58485920 (EXLCZ)993710000001417615 MiAaPQ eng rda pn MiAaPQ MiAaPQ DE-188;9960161216002883 DE-578;9960161216002883 DE-11;9949983646802882 DE-83;9923224923502884 TA410 .D573 2017 620.110287 23 612.8 DE-188;9960161216002883 DE-578;9960161216002883 DE-11;9949983646802882 DE-83;9923224923502884 almafu_9960161216002883 Discrimination testing in sensory science : a practical handbook / edited by Lauren Rogers. Duxford, England : Woodhead Publishing, 2017. ©2017 1 online resource (501 pages) : color illustrations, tables. text rdacontent computer rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. Front Cover -- Discrimination Testing in Sensory Science -- Related Titles -- Discrimination Testing in Sensory Science -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- I - Introduction to Discrimination Testing -- 1 - Introduction and History of Sensory Discrimination Testing -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 2 - Statistics for Use in Discrimination Testing -- 1. BUSINESS RISK -- 1.1 Conventional Hypothesis Testing -- 1.1.1 The p-Value -- 1.1.2 Type I and Type II Errors -- 1.1.3 The Momentary Proportion of Discriminators -- 1.1.4 Sensory Tests for Difference in Tests Without Chance Bounds -- 1.1.5 Statistical Significance Is Not Practical Significance -- 1.1.6 Sensory Tests for Equivalency or Noninferiority -- 1.2 Reframing the Hypothesis Test Using Likelihood or Bayesian Inference -- 2. DATA ARISING FROM SENSORY DISCRIMINATION TEST METHODS -- 2.1 Classification of Methods -- 2.2 Importance of Experimental Design on Analysis -- 3. ANALYSIS OF DATA ARISING FROM TESTS WITH A CHANCE BOUND (E.G., TRIANGLE TEST) -- 3.1 Unreplicated Data -- 3.2 Replicated Data -- 3.3 Statistical Power -- 4. ANALYSIS OF DATA ARISING FROM SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION TASKS WITHOUT A CHANCE BOUND (E.G., A-NOT-A TEST) -- 4.1 Unreplicated Data -- 4.2 Replicated Data -- 4.3 Statistical Power -- 5. ANALYSIS OF DATA ARISING FROM DIFFERENCE FROM CONTROL/DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE TEST METHODS -- 6. ANALYSIS OF DATA ARISING FROM A RANKING TEST METHOD -- 7. EVALUATING SENSORY EQUIVALENCY -- 7.1 Equivalence Testing for Data Arising From Tests With a Correct Response -- 7.2 Equivalence Testing for Data Arising From Tests That Do Not Have a Correct Response -- 8. CONTEXTUALIZING SENSORY DISCRIMINATION RESULTS TO MAKE BUSINESS DECISIONS -- 9. SUMMARY -- 10. RECOMMENDED READING -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. 3 - Deciding Which Test to Use in Discrimination Testing -- 1. THE OBJECTIVE/BUSINESS NEED -- 2. CONSIDERING ALL POSSIBLE TEST METHODS -- 3. GENERATING A HYPOTHESIS -- 4. THE ACTION STANDARD AND POSSIBLE OUTCOMES -- 5. ASSESSORS AND STATISTICAL POWER -- 5.1 Assessor Type -- 5.2 Assessor Numbers -- 5.3 Statistical Power -- 6. BUDGET -- 7. PRODUCT CONSIDERATIONS -- 7.1 Quantity of Sample Available -- 7.2 Carriers/Substrate-Complex Products -- 8. WHEN NOT TO USE DISCRIMINATION TESTING -- 9. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - Applications and Limitations of Discrimination Testing -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CATEGORIZING DISCRIMINATION TESTS WITHIN SENSORY METHODOLOGY -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION TESTS -- 3.1 Discrimination Testing in Quality Control -- 3.2 Discrimination Testing in Product Development -- 3.3 Other Applications (Special Cases) of Discrimination Tests -- 4. LIMITATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION TESTS -- 5. USING CONSUMERS IN DISCRIMINATION TESTS -- 6. APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF COMMONLY USED DISCRIMINATION TESTS -- 6.1 Triangle Test -- 6.1.1 Applications -- 6.1.2 Limitations -- 6.2 Duo-Trio Test -- 6.2.1 Applications -- 6.2.2 Limitations -- 6.3 A-not-A -- 6.3.1 Applications -- 6.3.2 Limitations -- 6.4 Two-Out-of-Five Test -- 6.4.1 Applications -- 6.4.2 Limitations -- 6.5 Paired Comparison Tests -- 6.5.1 2-AFC -- 6.5.2 Same-Different Test -- 6.5.3 Applications -- 6.5.4 Limitations -- 6.6 Tetrad -- 6.6.1 Applications -- 6.6.2 Limitations -- 6.7 Difference From Control -- 6.7.1 Applications -- 6.7.2 Limitations -- 6.8 Ranking -- 6.8.1 Applications -- 6.8.2 Limitations -- 6.9 ABX -- 6.9.1 Applications -- 6.9.2 Limitations -- 7. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- II - Methods and Analysis in Discrimination Testing: Practical Guidance. 5 - Paired Comparison/Directional Difference Test/2-Alternative Forced Choice (2-AFC) Test, Simple Difference Test/ ... -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Overview of the Types of Paired Comparison Test -- 1.2 Application of the Test -- 1.3 Forced Choice Versus Nonforced Choice -- 1.4 Response Bias -- 1.5 One-Sided Versus Two-Sided -- 1.6 Test Sensitivity -- 1.7 Testing Difference Versus Similarity -- 1.8 Replication -- 2. SAME-DIFFERENT TEST: COMPARING TWO SAMPLES -- 2.1 Objective -- 2.2 Method Outline -- 2.3 Example of Questionnaire -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 2.5 Assessors -- 2.6 Test Environment -- 2.7 Test Protocol -- 2.8 Data Analysis -- 2.9 Case Studies -- 3. DIRECTIONAL PAIRED COMPARISON: COMPARING TWO SAMPLES -- 3.1 Objective -- 3.2 Method Outline -- 3.3 Example of Questionnaire -- 3.4 Experimental Design -- 3.5 Assessors -- 3.6 Test Environment -- 3.7 Test Protocol -- 3.8 Data Analysis -- 3.9 Case Studies -- 4. MULTIPLE PAIRED COMPARISON: COMPARING MULTIPLE SAMPLES -- 4.1 Objective -- 4.2 Method Outline -- 4.3 Example of Questionnaire -- 4.4 Experimental Design -- 4.5 Assessors -- 4.6 Test Environment -- 4.7 Test Protocol -- 4.8 Data Analysis -- 4.9 Case Studies -- REFERENCES -- 6 - A-Not-A Test -- 1. WHAT IS THE A-NOT-A TEST? -- 2. PROCEDURE -- 2.1 Familiarization -- 2.2 Testing -- 2.3 Type of Assessors -- 3. WHEN TO USE THE A-NOT-A TEST -- 4. ANALYSIS OF A-NOT-A RESULTS -- 4.1 Chi-Squared Model -- 4.1.1 Note on Replicated Testing -- 4.2 Thurstonian Distance -- 4.2.1 Decision Rule for the "A-Not-A" -- 4.3 R-Index -- 5. CONCLUSION -- 6. CASE STUDY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - Triangle Test -- 1. TEST PRINCIPLE -- 2. WHY AND WHEN TO USE IT -- 3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 4. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (BS ISO 4120) -- 4.1 Risks -- 4.1.1 Alpha Risk (α Risk) -- 4.1.2 Beta Risk (β Risk) -- 4.2 N -- 4.3 Pd -- 4.4 Action Standard. 5. SETTING UP THE TEST -- 5.1 Panelists' Instructions -- 5.2 Palate Cleansers -- 5.3 "No-Difference" Option -- 5.4 Retasting Products -- 5.5 Additional Information Given to Panelists -- 5.6 Testing Environment -- 5.7 Action Standard -- 6. ASSESSORS -- 6.1 Health -- 6.2 Motivation -- 6.3 Experience Versus Inexperience -- 6.4 Training -- 6.5 Information Given -- 6.6 Number of Assessors to Invite -- 6.7 Replication -- 7. PRODUCT PREPARATION AND SERVING -- 8. TEST LAYOUT -- 8.1 Practical Example of Procedure to Set Up the Test -- 9. ANALYSIS AND REPORTING -- 9.1 Difference Testing -- 9.2 Similarity Testing -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - Two-Out-of-Five Test -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- 3. DATA ANALYSIS -- 4. ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION -- 5. TWO-OUT-OF-FIVE METHOD IN USE -- 6. HANDY HINTS -- 7. CASE STUDY 1 -- 8. CASE STUDY 2 -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Tetrad Test -- 1. WHY THE UPSURGE IN POPULARITY OF THE TETRAD? -- 2. WHEN TO USE A TETRAD -- 3. SETTING YOUR OBJECTIVE -- 4. ASSESSORS -- 5. SETTING UP THE TEST -- 5.1 Samples -- 5.2 Test Environment -- 5.3 Experimental Design -- 5.4 Test Instructions -- 5.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 5.6 Reporting -- 6. CASE STUDY -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Duo-Trio -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORIGIN -- 3. PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST -- 4. ASSESSORS -- 5. FACILITIES AND BEST PRACTICE -- 6. WHY CHOOSE A DUO-TRIO TEST -- 7. DUO-TRIO ADDITIONAL RESEARCH -- 8. STATISTICS-DEFINITIONS -- 9. CASE STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 11 - Difference From Control (DFC) Test -- 1. METHOD OUTLINE -- 2. WHY AND WHEN TO USE THIS METHOD -- 2.1 Consumer Testing -- 2.2 Quality Control and Quality Assurance -- 2.3 Shelf Life -- 2.4 Nonhomogeneous Samples -- 2.5 Fatigue -- 2.6 Threshold Testing -- 2.7 Product Claims -- 2.8 Screening -- 3. ADVANTAGES -- 4. DISADVANTAGES -- 5. TEST PROCEDURE -- 6. TEST LAYOUT AND SETUP. 6.1 Sample Layout and Questionnaire Example -- 6.2 Sample Presentation -- 6.3 Presentation Order -- 6.4 Sample Labeling -- 6.5 Sample Assessment Procedure -- 6.6 Palate Cleanser -- 6.7 Degree of Difference Scale -- 7. ASSESSORS -- 7.1 Assessor Selection -- 7.2 Level of Training Required -- 7.3 Number of Assessors -- 8. NUMBER OF SAMPLES -- 9. PRACTICALITIES -- 10. REPORTING -- 11. CONSTRAINTS -- 12. CASE STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Ranking Test -- 1. METHOD OUTLINE -- 2. WHY AND WHEN TO USE THIS METHOD -- 2.1 Trained Panel Testing-Assessment of Sensory Attributes -- 2.1.1 Panel Screening -- 2.1.2 Panel Training -- 2.1.3 Assessment of Panel Performance -- 2.1.4 Sample Assessment -- 2.2 Consumer Testing -- 2.3 Presorting Samples -- 2.4 Effect of Packaging -- 2.5 Threshold Testing -- 2.6 Working With Young Children -- 3. ADVANTAGES -- 4. DISADVANTAGES -- 5. TEST PROCEDURE -- 5.1 Test Layout and Setup -- 5.2 Sample Layout and Questionnaire Example -- 5.3 Sample Presentation -- 5.4 Presentation Order -- 5.4.1 Complete Block Design -- 5.4.2 Balanced Incomplete Block Design -- 5.5 Sample Labeling -- 5.6 Sample Assessment Procedure -- 5.7 Palate Cleanser -- 6. ASSESSORS -- 6.1 Assessor Selection -- 6.2 Level of Training Required -- 6.3 Number of Assessors (BS ISO 8587:2006+A1:2013, 2013) -- 7. NUMBER OF SAMPLES -- 8. PRACTICALITIES -- 9. REPORTING -- 10. CONSTRAINTS -- 11. OTHER USES -- 11.1 Flash Profiling -- 11.2 Rank-Rating -- 12. CASE STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- 13 - ABX Discrimination Task -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHOD OUTLINE -- 3. A BRIEF HISTORY -- 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE ABX DISCRIMINATION TASK -- 5. ABX DISCRIMINATION TASK METHODOLOGY -- 5.1 Products and Assessors -- 5.2 Experimental Design -- 5.3 Booth Setup and Running the Test -- 5.4 Reducing Carryover Effects Between Samples -- 5.5 To Retest or Not to Retest?. 5.6 A Few Practicalities When Running the Test. Discrimination Testing in Sensory Science: A Practical Handbook is a one-stop-shop for practical advice and guidance on the performance and analysis of discrimination testing in sensory science. The book covers all aspects of difference testing: the history and origin of different methods, the practicalities of setting up a difference test, replications, the statistics behind each test, dealing with the analysis, action standards, and the statistical analysis of results with R. The book is written by sensory science experts from both academia and industry, and edited by an independent sensory scientist with over twenty years of experience in planning, running and analyzing discrimination tests. This is an essential text for academics in sensory and consumer science and any sensory scientist working in research and development in food, home, and personal care products, new product development, or quality control. Contains practical guidance on the performance and analysis of discrimination testing in sensory and consumer science for both food and non-food products Includes the latest developments in difference testing, including both new methods and state-of-the-art approaches Features extensive coverage of analysis with a variety of software systems Provides essential insight for academics in sensory and consumer science and any sensory scientist working in research and development in food, home, and personal care products, new product development, or quality control Description based on print version record. Testing Handbooks, manuals, etc. Sensory discrimination Testing. Rogers, Lauren, editor. ISBN 0-08-101009-5 Woodhead Publishing in food science, technology, and nutrition. BOOK cr 9960161216002883 DE-188 KOBV c 9960161216002883 DE-578 KOBV c 9949983646802882 DE-11 KOBV c 9923224923502884 DE-83 KOBV c false